9 Real world measurements (draft)
9.1 5G exposure
2022:
- Columbia, SC, USA (Koppel and Hardell 2022)
2024:
- Stockholm, Sweden, 2024 (Hardell and Koppel 2024)
1998-2023:
A 2024 review (Ramirez-Vazquez et al. 2024) looked at a “total of 86 papers published between 1 January 1998 and 31 December 2023 are included: 61 studies with spot measurements and 25 studies with mixed methodologies (spot measurements, personal measurements with volunteers or with a trained researcher and prediction models) are highlighted.” They found the following:
The minimum mean value was measured in Palestine at 0.0600 µW/m2, and the maximum mean value was measured in Norway at 200,000 µW/m2.
As a reference, although disputed for providing safety, we can keep in mind the Schwan limit from 1953 written about elsewhere in this book, at 100.000.000 µW/m², or 100 W/m² (Guy 2015). The high level measured in Norway, at 200,000 µW/m2 or 0.2 W/m², is not reaching the Schwan limit, but is 1/500th of that limit.